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When it comes to picking which electric vehicle to buy, range is generally the most important factor to consider. The specified range (distance) an EV can travel should primarily be used a guide.
While a vehicle's published range is based on standardised testing on a dynamometer in a test facility, electric vehicles, like gasoline automobiles, perform differently in real-world settings depending on topography, passenger load, speed, driving behaviour, and external temperature. All of these elements have an effect on the vehicle's efficiency and, as a result, its range.
The longer a vehicle's range, the more energy its battery pack can store, however this is influenced by the vehicle's design (weight, shape, size, and so forth.) which determines how efficient the vehicle can be. A far larger battery would be required for a bus to travel as far as a 60kWh sedan. External factors, on the other hand, can have a positive or negative impact on the vehicle's fuel economy on any particular journey. This isn't a problem exclusive to electric vehicles. Regardless of how you fuel your automobile, slamming on the pedal between traffic lights or driving on a cold day results in lower efficiency.
Temperature has an impact on the day-to-day range, owing to auxiliary heating and cooling. The battery's energy not only powers the vehicle, but also the auxiliary systems, including:
Cold weather reduces the range of an electric vehicle's battery for a short time. According to studies, the range effects of -6 degrees Celsius (20 degrees Fahrenheit) weather on many typical EVs showed that temperature alone might reduce range by 10-12 percent, while employing in-vehicle climate control could increase range loss by up to 40%.
Even though cold-related range affects are very transitory, you should charge your battery while it is above freezing. Most automobiles' battery management systems feature some type of temperature regulation that prevents high voltage or quick charging if the battery is too cold. When your car is turned on or plugged in, energy is used to keep the temperature within a safe range. The Nissan Leaf, which only activates thermal regulation when the temperature drops below -20C (-4F), and Tesla, which activates thermal management even if the car is turned off or not plugged in, are the two exceptions to this rule. This temperature regulation safeguards your battery's health, but it may reduce your range.
If in doubt, avoid supercharging when your EV battery is below freezing. Modern electric vehicles have battery management systems that should prevent this type of long-term damage to your battery.
Temperature is known to have a significant impact on the rate at which Li batteries degrade. Temperature impacts the rate and effectiveness of chemical processes inside a battery, which is one of the main reasons it is so important. Faster responses are usually associated with higher temperatures. This means that at greater temperatures, the chemical reactions that cause batteries to degrade happen faster.
The heat degradation mechanism operates differently depending on whether the battery is at rest, charging, or being cycled. Different battery chemistries have different thermal effects. Higher temperatures, on the other hand, will usually result in faster degradation.
During charging, high temperatures can harm batteries. High temperatures increase the effective force of the electric current that transports lithium ions from one node of the battery to the next, putting physical strain on the receiving end and causing damage. The battery node suffers greater stress fractures and damage as the temperature rises. All of these tiny fissures and breaks become secondary reaction surfaces, consuming available lithium and forming compounds that obstruct the free flow of energy.